控释氮肥与普通尿素配施比例和方法对冬小麦灌浆特性的影响

[目的]控释氮肥施用模式影响小麦的灌浆和产量构成因素,利用Richards模型模拟陕西关中地区冬小麦灌浆进程并分析产量构成参数,探究控释氮肥掺混尿素的施肥方式和配施比例对冬小麦增产机理及灌浆特性的影响。[方法]以小麦品种‘小偃22’为供试作物,供试控释尿素的释放期为180天,于2017、2018年在陕西农林科技大学旱区灌溉站进行控释氮肥与尿素配合施用田间试验。共设置3个控释氮肥和普通尿素氮配施比例,依次为8:2 (N2)、7:3 (N3)和6:4 (N4);2种施肥方式,即掺混肥料一次性基施(B,简称基施)和基施控释氮肥+拔节期追施普通尿素(T,简称追施);同时设不施氮肥(CKO)、单施普通尿素(基追比4:6,CK1)和单施控释氮肥(一次性基施,CK2) 3个对照。在分蘖期和返青期统计分蘖数;在成熟期统计穗数,测量穗长、穗粒数、千粒重。从冬小麦开花结束第5天开始,每隔5天取1次样,共取9次,计算千粒重。以花后时间t为自变量,以该时间测得的千粒重(W)为因变量,采用方程W=A/(1+Be~(-Kt))~(1/E),计算灌浆参数和生长势。[结果]施氮能显著提高籽粒千粒重和产量,追施氮可保证灌浆物质来源更加充分,追施氮比例增加,起始生长势增大。适量追氮能延长灌浆持续时间,最大延长11.83天,促使最大灌浆速率出现日提前,最早提前3.791天;各处理在快增期均获得最大生长比率(P_(w2)),与基施处理相比,追施增加了快增期(P_(w2))和缓增期(P_(w3))的持续时间和生长比率,持续时间分别延长1.28～2.27天(T_2)、4.46～7.49天(T_3),生长比率分别增加4.69%～7.80%(P_(W2))和20.12%～37.25%(P_(W3))。基施处理的单位面积分蘖数和有效穗数均高于追施处理,与追施处理相比平均分别增加204.1～264.0个/m~2、29.0～97.1穗/m~2。施肥方式和配施比例的交互作用对产量和单位面积有效穗率具有极显著影响,TN2和BN3产量最高,与CK1相比产量分别提高14.54%和13.09%,与CK2相比产量分别提高11.46%和10.85%;其中,TN2处理千粒重较高,为41.32 g,BN3处理单位面积有效穗数较高,为546.5穗/m~2。[结论]控释氮肥配施普通尿素的比例和施用方法能有效调控灌浆动态和产量构成。本试验条件下,以控释尿素和普通尿素7:3混合后全部基施(BN3)和比例为8:2时追施普通尿素(TN2)的效果最为理想。BN3主要通过增加最大灌浆速率和推迟最大灌浆速率出现日期提高籽粒物质量,并通过单位面积分蘖数保证较高的单位面积有效穗数以提高产量。TN2主要通过保证较高的有效穗率,在灌浆期通过延长灌浆持续时间和提高缓增期的生长比率提高籽粒物质量累积,并获得较高的千粒重以提高产量。在冬小麦生产过程中,优先推荐BN3处理的施氮模式,可在获得高产的同时节约劳动力和成本,但从千粒重角度考虑,TN2处理为较优施氮模式。     

微喷带单孔水量分布影响因素试验研究

为了探究微喷带管径、喷孔结构、工作压力以及喷射角度对单孔水量分布影响,以常用的机械打孔的Ф28,Ф32,Ф40和Ф50这4种微喷带为研究对象,通过调节微喷带的喷射角度和工作压力,研究微喷带正常运行时单孔喷水(其他孔进行遮挡,不混入测试单孔的水流中)特性,测定了不同工作压力条件下射程、湿润面积、干燥区宽度等参数.结果表明:喷水射程随喷射角度先增大再减小,射程最大值为30°~ 40°,随工作压力的增大而增大;湿润区宽度与喷射角度、工作压力均存在正相关的关系;射程与干燥区宽度随喷射角度的变化规律相同;湿润区面积的最大值出现在喷射角度为50°时.在实际运行中,建议微喷带喷射角度为30°~50°,并应根据干燥区与射程合理布置相邻微喷带的铺设间距.     

Soil N and salinity leaching after the autumn irrigation and its impact on groundwater in Hetao Irrigation District,China

Soil water and salinity are crucial factors influencing crop production in arid regions. An autumn irrigation system employing the application of a large volume of water (2200–2600 m³ ha⁻¹) is being developed in the Hetao Irrigation District of China, since the 1980s with the goal to reduce salinity levels in the root zone and increase the water availability for the following spring crops. However, the autumn irrigation can cause significant quantities of NO₃⁻ to leach from the plant root zone into the groundwater. In this study, we investigated the changes in soil water content, NO₃–N and salinity within a 150 cm deep soil profile in four different types of farmlands: spring wheat (F_W), maize (F_M), spring wheat–maize inter-planting (F_W–M) and sunflower (F_S). Our results showed that (1) salt losses mainly occurred in the upper 60 cm of the soil and in the upper 40 cm for NO₃–N; (2) the highest losses of salt and NO₃–N could be observed in F_W, whereas the lowest losses were found in F_W–M.NO₃–N concentration, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in the groundwater were also monitored before and after the autumn irrigation. We found that the autumn irrigation caused the groundwater concentration of NO₃–N to increase from 1.73 to 21.6 mg L⁻¹, thereby, exceeding the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). Our results suggest that extensive development of inter-planting tillage might be a viable measure to reduce groundwater pollution, and that the application of optimized minimum amounts of water and nitrogen to meet realistic yield goals, as well as the timely application of N fertilizers and the use of slow release fertilizers can be viable measures to minimize nitrate leaching.     

The effect of plastic mulch on the fate of urea-N in rain-fed maize production in a semiarid environment as assessed by 15N-labeling

A better understanding of the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is critical to design appropriate N management strategies in plastic-mulched croplands. We evaluated the effects of plastic mulch on urea-N recovery by crops and loss from soil in furrow-ridge plots, with and without maize (Zea mays L.) cropping, in a semi-arid rain-fed site in China. We applied the same rate of urea-N (281 kg ha⁻¹) to all treatments during the preparation of the furrow-ridges in 2011 and 2012 but ¹⁵N-labeled the urea in 2011 only. We used transparent film to cover all soil surfaces in the mulched treatments and seeded maize in furrows in treatments with crop. In 2011, plastic mulch increased the total N uptake in the aboveground biomass of maize by 53%, whereas it decreased the in-season labeled-N uptake by 19%, compared to non-mulched treatment. At harvest in 2011, in mulched treatments the total labeled-N remaining in the 0−170 cm soil layer was 25% greater whereas unaccounted labeled-N was 69% less, than in non-mulched treatments, regardless of whether maize was cropped. In 2012 the effect of mulch on total maize N uptake was comparable to that in 2011, but the residual soil labeled-N uptake by maize was 63% higher in mulched compared to non-mulched treatment. At harvest in 2012, plastic mulch increased total labeled-N remaining in the 0−170 cm depth in cropped soils and unaccounted labeled-N in non-cropped soils, compared with no mulch. Our results indicate that plastic mulch profoundly changes the fate of urea-N in maize production in cold and dry croplands.     

层状土垂直一维入渗土壤水分运动数值模拟与验证

[目的]为进一步认识层状土垂直一维入渗土壤水分运动规律。[方法]依据非饱和土壤水分运动理论,建立了垂直一维土壤饱和—非饱和水分运动的数学模型,并用SWMS-2D软件进行求解。采用已有文献资料,对均质土和层状土的土壤剖面含水率、土壤湿润锋运移值和累积入渗量及入渗速率等指标的实测值与模拟值进行分析验证。[结果]实测值与模拟值具有较好的一致性,所提出的数学模型既适用于均质土壤,也适用于层状土壤。[结论]所建模型能比较真实地反映均质土和层状土垂直一维入渗土壤水分运动的状况,证明利用SWMS-2D软件对层状土柱中土壤水分运动进行模拟具有可行性。     

沙漠绿洲地区膜下滴灌棉花产量和氮素利用的水氮耦合效应

研究施肥量和灌水量对膜下滴灌模式棉花氮素利用效率(NUE)的水氮耦合效应的影响。试验设置1带4行、2带4行、2带6行3种滴灌模式,灌水量和施氮量采用二次通用旋转组合设计,进行大田小区膜下滴灌棉花试验。结果表明,1带4行灌水量对棉花产量的影响大于施氮量,2带4行和2带6行施氮量对棉花产量的影响大于灌水量。3种滴灌模式棉花产量与灌水量呈显著正相关。棉花产量与施肥量,1带4行呈显著的正相关,2带4行在施氮量为27.6~69.0 kg/hm2呈负相关,施氮量为69~94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关。2带6行施氮量为27.6~55.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,施氮量为55.2~94.2 kg/hm2呈负相关;灌水量和施肥量对棉花氮素利用效率的影响,3种模式均为施氮量大于灌水量。氮素利用效率与施氮量的关系,1带4行和2带4行在施氮量为27.6~82.2 kg/hm2呈负相关,施氮量为82.2~94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,2带6行呈负相关。3种滴灌模式氮素利用效率与灌水量呈正相关;根据不同滴灌模式对水氮耦合效应,建立以棉花产量、NUE为目标的不同滴灌模式水氮管理策略。     

沟灌三角形长喉道田间量水槽水力特性试验及数值模拟

针对目前北方灌区田间沟灌缺乏有效量水设施的现状,提出了一种针对田间小流量情况的新型量水设备—便携式三角形长喉道量水槽,为进一步研究其水力特性,在沟灌简易长喉道量水槽原型试验的基础上,采用基于Flow-3D的计算流体力学方法对该量水槽的内部水流运动进行了模拟计算,对水流流态、水深、傅汝德数、纵向时均流速、紊动强度进行了分析。结果表明:试验水深值与模拟值的最大相对误差小于10%,二者水面线变化规律吻合,模拟结果精度较高;通过临界流理论推导与回归分析得到沟灌简易长喉道量水槽测流公式,其计算结果与实际流量的最大相对误差为4.34%;量水槽收缩段及喉道段纵向时均流速沿程不断增大,流速最大值的位置存在于水面以下,越靠近收缩段、喉道段出口,最大纵向流速位置越低,断面流速分布越不均匀;紊动强度总体呈现沿程增加的趋势,各断面的紊动强度最大值相对位置在0.13到0.30倍水深之间,沿程逐渐上升。     

基于悬垂平板偏转角的明渠流量估算模型及验证

针对平板量水设施缺乏适用性广泛的流量计算模型,该文从2个角度提出流量估算模型,首先分析绕轴自由旋转薄平板在水中的受力,根据升力简化为竖直方向静水压力设想,提出压力体计算假设,根据动量定理与力矩平衡公式得到了流量、角度、水深三者的理论关系式,通过U型和矩形渠道进行试验,验证假设合理性;根据闸孔出流流量公式针对矩形渠道建立闸孔出流半径验计算模型,拟合得出半径验流量公式。对于第1种模型,对于U型渠道,2种压力体假设均适用于流量计算,除流量小于10 L/s时,相对误差超过10%,其他均小于10%,流量大于17 L/s时误差均在5%左右;对于矩形渠道,仅假设1适用流量计算,假设2不成立,应用假设1计算压力体时,当流量较小(10 L/s左右)时的个别工况误差会偏大,大部分工况下计算误差均小于10%;对于闸孔出流计算模型,计算流量与实测流量之间最大误差不超过18%,大部分工况下计算误差在10%以下。当悬垂薄平板与明渠横断面等大时,来流量与偏转角度存在单值对应关系,角度随着来流量的增大而增大;同一流量下,板前后水深比、板前与下游水深比分别与偏转角度呈现出单独的函数关系,板前后水深比、板前与下游水深比随着平板偏转角度的增大而减小,但减小幅度变缓。对于不同流量,板前后水深比、板前与下游水深比随着角度增大而增大,但增大幅度变缓。研究可为灌区量水设施设计及应用提供新思路。     

Soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil desiccation usually takes place below the depth of soil affected by rainfall infiltration (about 1–3 m) with relatively low water content, and is one kind of particular hydrological phenomena in semi-arid and semi-humid regions of the Loess Plateau in China. This desiccation results from the excessive depletion of deep soil water by artificial vegetation and long-term insufficient rainwater supply, which is difficult to disappear with land use change. Due to the influence of global warming during 1950–2000, large-scale vegetation rehabilitation aggravated water scarcity and led to soil desiccation in the deep soil layer in the Loess Plateau. From southeast to northwest, soil desiccation becomes more intensive with lower water content and bigger range in depth due to drier climate and lower water holding capacity. The range of soil desiccation has a close relationship with root distribution of plant, and its intensity varies with the types and ages of vegetation. The climate drought, soil properties and soil water cycle characteristics might be the precondition for the occurrence of soil desiccation, and artificial vegetation with improper type and exorbitant productivity could have accelerated this process in range and intensity. Soil desiccation has obviously negative effects on water cycle in soils, greatly reduces the anti-drought capacity of plants, and heavily influences the growth and natural succession of vegetation. In order to reduce the range, intensity, and negative effects of soil desiccation, proper types of vegetation should be selected according to rainfall and soil water conditions, and the control of vegetation density and productivity should be considered together with soil-water conservation measures.     

滴灌施肥灌水下限和施肥量对温室番茄生长、产量和生理特性的影响

为探索有利于提高番茄生长和产量的温室滴灌施肥有效模式,试验设置了3个灌水下限[W1(65％θF)、W2(75％θF)和W3(85％θF)]和3个施肥水平[F1(低肥)、F2(中肥)和F3(高肥)],在设施栽培条件下研究了滴灌施肥不同灌水下限和施肥量对番茄植株生长、生理特性和产量的影响.结果表明:滴灌施肥条件下不同的灌水下限和施肥量对温室番茄生长、产量和生理特性都有一定的影响.在同一灌水下限条件下,增加施肥量可以显著提高番茄株高、叶面积、光合和蒸腾速率、干物质量和产量,但过高的施肥量反而不利于其生长、干物质累积和产量的提高;在同一施肥水平下,适当上调灌水下限可以显著增加番茄株高、叶面积和干物质量,过高的灌水下限不利于番茄的生长、光合速率和产量的提高.在试验的砂壤土中,W2F2处理最有利于番茄的生长、干物质的形成、产量和水分利用效率的提高.研究还表明,不同水肥处理条件下,番茄的产量与干物质量和叶片的净光合速率均呈显著的线性相关,番茄叶片的水分利用效率与净光合速率的变化关系均呈二次抛物线相关.